Contents:

Preface                                                                                                                                  xiii

Applet Summary                                                                                                                  xv

Chapter 1     Introduction                                                                                                      1

1.1     EW System Design                                                                                   1

1.2     Interactive Design                                                                                    1

1.3     Mathematical Modeling                                                                           2

1.4     Java Applets                                                                                              3

                                1.4.1    Simple Graphical Applet                                                           3

1.5     Microwave Receivers and EW Systems                                               4

1.6     Book Organization                                                                                    5

                      References                                                                                                        6

Chapter 2    RF Analysis Aids                                                                                             7           

2.1     Introduction                                                                                              7

2.2     Noise Figure                                                                                             7

2.2.1       Signal and Noise Performance of Basic Components          8

2.2.2       Noise Figure Applet                                                                13

2.2.3       Signal-to-Noise Ratio Degradation                                       14

2.3       Transmission Line Principles                                                             14

          2.3.1   Transmission Line Analysis                                                    15

          2.3.2   Transmission Line Applet                                                       17

2.4       VSWR of Cascaded Mismatches                                                       18

2.4.1       Linear Combination                                                                 19

2.4.2       Complex Combination                                                             20

2.4.3       Cascaded Mismatches Applet                                               21

                      References                                                                                                      23

Chapter 3    RF Chain Components                                                                                   25

3.1       Introduction                                                                                          25

3.2       Transmission Line Filter                                                                      25

3.2.1       Low-pass Filter Design                                                           25

3.2.2       Commensurate Line and Stub Low-pass Filter Design      26

3.2.3       Filter Evaluation Applet                                                          29

3.3       Directional Coupler                                                                              30

          3.3.1   Coupled Lines                                                                            30

          3.3.2   Directional Coupler Applet                                                      33

          3.3.3   Microstrip Coupler Design                                                      33

          3.3.4   Microstrip Coupler Applet                                                      34

3.4       Mixer Spurii                                                                                           35

3.4.1       Single Diode Mixer                                                                  35

3.4.2       Balanced Mixer                                                                         36

3.4.3       Double Balanced Mixer                                                           37

3.4.4       Mixer Spurii Applet                                                                 38

                      References                                                                                                      39

Chapter 4    Antennas                                                                                                         41

4.1       Introduction                                                                                          41

4.2       Parabolic Antenna Design                                                                  41

          4.2.1    Analysis                                                                                    42

          4.2.2    Reflector Antenna Applet                                                      44

4.3       Antenna Arrays                                                                                   45

          4.3.1    Introduction                                                                              45

          4.3.2    Array Analysis                                                                         46

          4.3.3    Array Pattern Applet                                                               47

4.4       Antenna Polarization Coupling                                                          48

4.4.1       Polarization Ellipse                                                                   48

4.4.2       Poincaré Sphere                                                                       49

4.4.3       Coupled Power                                                                         49

4.4.4       Antenna Polarization Applet                                                 50

4.5       Antenna Near-Field Power                                                                 50

          4.5.1    Geometry                                                                                   51

          4.5.2    Field Evaluation                                                                        51

          4.5.3    Near-Field Applet                                                                     52

References                                                                                                      53

Chapter 5    Amplifiers                                                                                                         55

5.1      Introduction                                                                                           55

5.2     Amplifier Dynamic Range                                                                     55

5.2.1       Amplifier Transfer Characteristic                                          56

5.2.2       Third-Order Intermodulation                                                  57

5.2.3       Cascaded RF Stages                                                                57

5.2.4       Amplifier Dynamic Range Applet                                         60

5.2.5       Summary                                                                                    62

5.3     Operation of Limiting Amplifiers                                                         62

5.3.1       Introduction                                                                              63

5.3.2       Statistical Model                                                                      64

5.3.3       Frequency Domain Model                                                      66

5.3.4       Time Domain Analysis                                                            68

5.3.5       Limiter Applet                                                                          70

5.3.6       Observations                                                                           72

5.4     Compression Amplifier Design                                                           72

5.4.1       Successive Limiting Architecture                                         72

5.4.2       Single Segment Analysis                                                       74

5.4.3       Logarithmic Amplifier                                                             74

5.4.4       Power-Law: Exponent n<1                                                     75

5.4.5       Compression Amplifier Design Applet                                76

References                                                                                                      76

Chapter 6    Signal Detection                                                                                             79

6.1       Introduction                                                                                         79

6.2       Probability Analysis                                                                           80

6.2.1       False Alarm Probability                                                          80

6.2.2       False Alarm Rate                                                                     80

6.2.3       Probability of Signal Detection                                             83

6.3       Pulse Detection and Measurement                                                   85

          6.3.1   Pulse Thresholding Applet                                                     86

6.4       Receiver Triggering Probability                                                        88

6.5       Multi-Input Video-OR Threshold                                                     89

          6.5.1   Noise Only Analysis                                                                89

          6.5.2   Signal in One Channel                                                             90

          6.5.3   Signals in Two Channels                                                         90

          6.5.4   Video-OR Threshold Applet                                                   91

6.6       Vector Threshold                                                                                 92

          6.6.1   Cartesian Box Threshold                                                         93

          6.6.2   Dual Box Threshold                                                                 93

          6.6.3   Greatest Sum Threshold                                                          94

          6.6.4   Vector Thresholding Applet                                                   95

6.7       Multi-Sample Video Integration                                                        97

          6.7.1   Multi-sample Noncoherent Integration Applet                   98

          6.7.2   Equivalent Spectrum of Sampled and Averaged Data        99

References                                                                                                    100

Chapter  7    Microwave Receivers                                                                                 101

7.1      Introduction                                                                                       101

7.2      Demodulator Noise Performance                                                    101

7.2.1       Quadrature Demodulator                                                     103

7.2.2       Frequency Discriminator Noise Spectra Applet               109

7.2.3       Square-Law Detector                                                            101

7.2.4       Linear Vector Demodulator                                                  110

7.2.5       RF Multiplier Implementation                                              113

7.3       RF Amplifier Detector-Video Receiver                                           115

7.3.1       Effect of Gain Variations                                                      117

7.3.2       Cascading DLVAs                                                                118

7.3.3       RF Amplifier DLVA Cascading Applet                              120

7.4       Heterodyne Receiver                                                                        120

7.4.1       Pulse Filtering Distortion                                                     121

7.4.2       Distortion Analysis                                                              122

7.4.3       Filter Shapes                                                                          122

7.4.4       Pulse Filtering Distortion Applet                                        123

7.5      Homodyne Receiver                                                                          124

7.6      Interferometer Receiver                                                                    125

7.7      Instantaneous Frequency Measurement (IFM)                           126

7.8      Compressive Receiver                                                                      127            

7.8.1       Short Pulse Sensitivity                                                         128

7.8.2       Compressive Receiver Applet                                             129

7.9      Coherent Receiver                                                                             131

7.10   Zero-IF I/Q Receiver                                                                         131

7.11   Digital FFT Receiver                                                                         133

7.11.1    Brute Force DFT Algorithm                                                 133

7.11.2    Cooley-Tukey Multi-Radix Algorithm                               134

7.11.3    Digital FFT Receiver Applet                                                134

7.12   Receiver Sensitivity Comparison Applet                                       136

References                                                                                                    137

Chapter 8    EW Measurement Systems                                                                        139

8.1       Introduction                                                                                       139

8.2       IFM Receiver and Interferometer Design                                      140

8.2.1       Multidiscriminator Systems                                                 141

8.2.2       IFM Receiver Design                                                            141

8.2.3       Interferometer Design                                                           142

8.2.4       Ambiguity Resolution                                                          147

8.2.5       System Measurement Accuracy                                         152

8.2.6       Simultaneous Interfering Signals                                        153

8.2.7       IFM Receiver and Interferometer Design Applet             154

8.3       Amplitude Comparison DF Systems                                              155

8.3.1       Introduction                                                                           155

8.3.2       Generic Architecture                                                             156

8.3.3       Error Analysis                                                                        158

8.3.4       Amplitude Comparison DF Applet                                     160

8.3.5       Improving DF Performance                                                  162

References                                                                                                    168

Chapter 9    Operational Performance                                                                             171

9.1       Introduction                                                                                       171

9.2       Microwave Signal Propagation Loss                                             172

9.2.1       ESM detection Range Applet                                             173

9.2.2       Radar Detection Range Applet                                           174

9.2.3       Discussion                                                                             175

9.3       Elevation Multipath                                                                          175

9.3.1       Sea Surface Scintillation                                                       177

9.3.2       Sea Scintillation Applet                                                        178

9.4       Clutter Reflections                                                                             180

9.4.1       Reflection Geometry                                                             182

9.4.2       Bistatic Reflections Applet                                                  183

9.4.3       Locating Reflection Centers Using Passive ESM            184

9.4.4       ESM Clutter Modeling Applet                                            187

9.4.5       Spatial Decorrelation of Clutter Applet                             188

9.4.6       Clutter Implications for ESM Processing                          189

9.5       Passive Location Accuracy                                                             190

9.5.1       Bearing Angle                                                                        190

9.5.2       Time Difference of Arrival                                                   191

9.5.3       Passive Location Applet                                                      192

9.6       ESM Range Advantage                                                                    193

9.6.1       Calculating Zero Sensitivity Advantage                           194

9.6.2       Radar Characteristics                                                            195

9.6.3       Platform Radar Cross Section                                              196

9.6.4       ESM Sensitivity Advantage Applet                                  197

9.6.5       Observations                                                                         198

9.7    Jammer Protection Zones                                                                  198

9.7.1       Point Defense                                                                        198

9.7.2       Area Defense                                                                         199

9.7.3       Protection Zones Applet                                                     200

9.7.4       Observations                                                                         201

References                                                                                                    202

Appendix A  Using the CDROM                                                                                    205

Appendix B  Applet Demonstration Program                                                               211

Appendix C  Special Math Methods                                                                              217

List of Acronyms                                                                                                              221

About the Author                                                                                                             223

Index                                                                                                                                    225